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Chapter 20

World war I effectively launched the twentieth century, considered a new phase of world history. Europe's modern transformation and its global ascendancy were not accompanied by a growing  unity or stability among it own peoples, quite the opposite in fact. The biggest division was among competing states. By the early twentieth century, the balance of power was expressed in two rival alliances. The Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Triple Entente of Russia, France, and Britain. Slavic nationalism and Austro-Hungarian opposition to it certainly lay at the heart of the war's beginning. The Great Powers of Europe competed intensely for colonies, spheres of influence, and superiority in armamnets and the public pressure of competing nationalism ensured widespread popular support for the decision to go to war, at least initially. Each country had a incentive to strike first and rapid industrialization  of warfare which led to some 10 million...
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Chapter 18

The second wave of European Colonialism conquests was focused in Asia, Africa, and Oceania rather than in the Western Hemisphere. Europeans were fighting hard to create their new empires, as countess wars of conquest attest. The passage to colonial status occurred in various ways. through trading, absense of cultural or political unity of other empires, and through different alliances from local authorities and European traders. Old ways of working were eroded almost everywhere in the colonial world. The strength of European empires erased the need for peasant families farming, hand made artisan goods, and Asian and African merchants for trade. The new ways of working that emerged during the colonial era derived directly from the demands of the colonial state. The most obvious was the required and unpaid labor on public projects such as constructing railroads, government buildings, and transporting goods. In some places, colonial rule created conditions that facilitated and increased c...
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