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Chapter 17

No element of Europe's modern transformation held a greater significance for the history of humankind than the Industrial Revolution. The global context for this economic transformation was due to the increase in population from about 375 million in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early nineteenth century. The Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the previously used renewable energy sources of wind, water, wood, and the muscles power of people and animals. Their ability to farm with more advanced techniques allowed to feed the rapidly growing population. Access to huge new sources of energy gave rise to an enormously increased output of goods and services. It began to grow beyond the textile industry to iron and steel production, railroads and steamships, food processing, and construction. Following this later in the nineteenth century, industrial revolution began to focus on chemicals, ...
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Chapter 18

The second wave of European Colonialism conquests was focused in Asia, Africa, and Oceania rather than in the Western Hemisphere. Europeans were fighting hard to create their new empires, as countess wars of conquest attest. The passage to colonial status occurred in various ways. through trading, absense of cultural or political unity of other empires, and through different alliances from local authorities and European traders. Old ways of working were eroded almost everywhere in the colonial world. The strength of European empires erased the need for peasant families farming, hand made artisan goods, and Asian and African merchants for trade. The new ways of working that emerged during the colonial era derived directly from the demands of the colonial state. The most obvious was the required and unpaid labor on public projects such as constructing railroads, government buildings, and transporting goods. In some places, colonial rule created conditions that facilitated and increased c...
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Chapter 16 (through end)

 The differences in the revolutions were how they were started, the quite different social and political-tensions, and they varied considerably in their outcomes. The American Revolution was a struggle for independence form oppressive British rule. It began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776, resulted in a military victory by 1781,, and generated a federal constitution  in 1787. The main change of this revolution was in politics, looked at as a conservative movement because it originated in an effort to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than create new ones. Overall, The american revolution grew fro a sudden and unexpected effort by the British government to tighten its control over the colonies and to extract more revenue from them. The French came next in the dram of the Atlantic revolutions. The cause for tension was how the privileged, prestigious, and wealthy members of the nobility resisted the monarchy's attempt to subject them to new tax...
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