Chapter 13

during the three centuries of the early modern era, Empire building was a global process. In the Americas, the Aztec and Inca empires flourished before the incorporation of rival empires of the Spanish, Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch. This led to the first interaction between Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans. Initially, Europeans had an advantage in settling in North America. Countries on the Atlantic rim of Europe were simply closer to the Americas than any potential Asian competitors. on top of that, their innovations in mapmaking, navigation, sailing techniques, and ship design enabled them to sail the Atlantic Ocean easier, allowing people to settle and empires to form. following the arrival of Europeans and African laborers came what is referred to as the Great Dying. When Native American peoples came into contact with these European and African diseased, they died in appalling numbers, in many cases losing up to 90 percent of the population.

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